英语作文结构
篇一：英语作文结构
一、段落写作
写作的过程包括选词、造句、组段和成篇。四级作文的写作也同样遵循这一规律。但四级考试的写作囿于篇幅的限制，从严格意义上说是凝练的段落写作。
段落是由彼此关联的表达相对单一中心思想的一组句子构成，它是一篇文章或书中某一章节的基本构成部分，也是文章结构的基本独立部分。段落由若干个句子组成，通常表达一个中心思想。因此，段落不能由一组句子随意堆砌而成，而是应当符合一定的模式和具有某些基本特征，并遵循一定的段落发展方法。大学英语的写作重点就要从选词造句转到联句成段和联段成篇上。进行段落层次上的写作训练，是写好文章的关键所在。段落由主题句、扩展句和结尾句三部分构成。
主题句
主题句是介绍某一段落主要内容的句子，通常是一个概括性的陈述(a general statement)。主题句把纷繁的现象通过简练的文字用一句话扼要地指出这一段落的中心内容。主题句在开头是最常用的做法，这样读者和作者都非常容易进入段落的主题。写作时不断地对照主题句，可以让作者避免把不相关的内容写
入这一段落；主题句放的中间，多出现于作者对两件事情作比较时，说明两者如何相象，又如何不同；主题句出现在段落的末尾，往往是作者为创造一种悬念而有意安排的，目的是让读者继续读下去，可以在读者心目中留下一个深刻的印象。
扩展句
扩展句是段落主题句的延伸和发展，起着辅助主题句和拓展段落中心的作用。它对主题句的中心思想或者举例说明，或者详细解释和论证。扩展句一般由几个或十几个意思连贯的句子组成。扩展句应具有清晰翔实、条理分明的特点。
结尾句
结尾句就是总结段落的句子，它在段落中起着非常重要的作用，它用一句话将段落内容进行归纳总结，对全段中心思想作出精炼的浓缩。因为段落的内容是说明主题的，因此结尾句常和段落主题句呼应，或者说是主题句的再现，并与扩展句相关联。结尾句可以用不同的方法再现主题，有时甚至就是段落的主题句。但有时在一段文章中，尤其是较短的段落中，只有主题句，而没有结尾句；而当主题句位于段尾时，主题句就是结尾句。因此，虽然在段落写作中应遵循
“首一中一尾”的三段论模式，但不应被这种模式所束缚，而应根据具体情况灵活掌握，只有这样才能不影响意思的表达。
二、段落的基本特征
段落是彼此相关的表达单一中心思想的一组句子的组合，而一个无论是结构上还是内容上都完整的段落，必须具有一致性、连贯性和充实性特点，这是段落的基本特征。
一致性
通常，英语文章每一个段落只有一个中心思想，它往往由一个主题句表现出来，全段其他各句用一些相关的细节和事实紧密围绕主题句展开，任何与主题句无关、可有可无或说服力不强的内容都应舍弃。连贯性
连贯性原则要求在全篇文章中，语言要一气呵成，各段之间通过过渡词或过渡句自然衔接，条理清楚，形成相互呼应的整体效果。使文章达到连贯性的方法很多，通常使用过渡性词语、重复性关键词、代词和排比句等。
为了使文章具有连贯性，表达不同的逻辑关系可以使用不同的过渡性词语，例如：
表示动作或思想发生顺序的过渡性词语：first，
second，in the first place，to begin with， next，finally等．
用于文章开始的过渡性词语：as a generalrule， basically， first of all， generally speaking， ingeneral，on a whole，recently，with等．
用于文章结尾的过渡性词语：accordingly, as a result，above all，finally，hence，in brief，in short，in conclusion等．
表示重述关系的过渡性词语：in other words，in simple terms，to put it diferently，to repeat，that is等．
充实性
充实性是就内容和形式两方面而言的。从内容上讲，它应该从多角度出发，用恰如其分的、能使读者信服的强有力的论据去支持观点。文章的充实性从形式上讲就是句型要生动富于变化。句子结构无变化，句型句式单一是文章缺乏表现力的表现。
三、段落的展开
常见的段落展开方法有列举法、举例法、叙述法、因果法、比较法、分类法、定义法等。也可以按时间顺序展开段落(常用于记叙文和说明文)；按空间顺序展开段落(常用于描写性文章中)；还可以用定义法展
开段落(常用于解释字面模糊的词语)；用分类法展开段落(往往用来解释较复杂的主题)；段落展开的方法还有很多，但无论理论上的指导多详尽，写作都是一件需要付诸很多实践才能做好的事情，只有在有充分理论指导的前提下，多写多练，才能在写作上取得突破性的进步。
篇二：英语作文最佳框架结构
Low-carbon life is the lifestyle of the time to minimize energy consumption, thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Low-carbon life, for those of us ordinary people is an attitude to life. It gives us is a willing and we were creating a low carbon life issues.(低碳生活就是把生活作息时间所耗用的能量要尽量减少，从而减低二氧化碳的排放量。低碳生活，对于我们这些普通人来说是一种生活态度。它给我们提出的是一个愿不愿意和大家共创造低碳生活的问题。)Taomi Shui can be used to wash their hands every day, clean furniture, water the flowers and so on. Clean, natural moisture; 2. Scrap paper will pave the lowest in the closet can not only absorb moisture, can absorb the smell in the closet; 4. Drink tea residue, dry it, make a tea pillow comfortable, and help to improve sleep;(每天的淘米水可以用来洗手、擦家具、浇花等。干净卫生，自然滋润； 2.将废旧报纸铺垫在衣橱的最底层，不仅可以吸潮，还能吸收衣柜中的异味； 4.喝过的茶叶渣，把它晒干，做一个茶叶枕头，既舒适，又能帮助改善睡眠；)Lifestyle to reduce energy consumption when, thereby reducing the carbon, especially carbon dioxide emissions. Low-carbon life, for us ordinary people, an attitude, not ability, we should actively promote and to practice the "low carbon" life, pay attention to energy saving, fuel-efficient, water saving, solar terms, starting from scratch.(生活作息时所耗用能量要减少，从而减低碳，特别是二氧化碳的排放。低碳生活，对于我们普通人来说，是一种态度，而不是能力，我们应该积极提倡并去实践"低碳"生活，注意节电、节油、节水、节气，从点滴做起。)
Topic sentence
1____has become a common part of people
's life. 空格内用概括性的词语填出最近出现的总体现象
2And______has always aroused the greatest concern. 空格内填题目要去讨论的具体现象
3what impress
es us most is ______ 现象的具体表现
4The reason _____are varied 过渡句，填现象或现象带来的后果，为下文分析产生的原因作铺垫
5_______among_____-the ______various reasons,______plays an important role.原因之一 6That is to say,_____具体说明原因一
7What is more ,_______原因二
8For example,________举例说明原因二
9When talking about _______,_______空格一填作者要讨论的现象，空格二填作者的看法。 10 On the one hand _______支持看法的理由一或说明看法的第一个方面
11 On the other hand_______理由问或第二个方面。
一、议论文
开头段：
1、When talked about--- ,the overwhelming majority of people are of the opinion that---- but others think a little bit differently that-------
2、There has been a heated discussion about-----Some people think that-------( 正观点)，
others, however, are of the opinion that---(反观点)
中间段：
Those who argue that----(正观点) have the reasons as follows.
First, ------
Second,------
Third/Besides,------
Others also have their own opinions.( 反观点)
On the one hand,-----
On the other hand,-----
Last but not the least,-----
结尾段：
1、TO sum up, I hold that ------(正反观点随便选一种，正观点为多数，或者说个中立的观点)
2、In conclusion,(同上)
3、In summary,
4、From what's said above, I'd like to bring my story to a conclusion that--------
二、说明文/描述文(常见有柱状图、饼状图以及表格)
开头：
As is vividly/symbolically shown/described/depicted/illustrated/revealed in the
drawings/photos/pictures, we can find with ease that-----(据图所示，我们可以很清楚地看出---)
中间：由上述所表示的情况写出现象背后的本质
结尾：提出自己的想法(解决方法、办法或手段)
2010年12月英语四级作文预测(1)
鉴于近年来所考题目以议论文为主，所以给出如下3道议论文模拟题并做一浅析，以供参考。
(1) The Shortage of Fresh Water
1、目前淡水资源非常紧缺
2、为什么会出现这种情况
3、该如何解决
2010年12月英语四级作文预测(2)
鉴于近年来所考题目以议论文为主，所以给出如下3道议论文模拟题并做一浅析，以供参考。
(2)Part-time Jobs for College Students
1、目前大学校园里很多学生业余时间做兼职
2、对于大学生是否该做兼职工作，人们看法不一
3、我的看法
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Unhealthy Living Style of Youngsters. You should write no less than 120/150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1、现代年轻人有多种不健康的生活习惯，例如 。。。
2、这些不健康生活习惯的危害是
3、我们应该怎样做
写作思路：三个提纲，对应写三个段落：提出问题、分析问题、解决问题
首段提出问题，三句话：背景交代+具体描述+举例说明
The past few years have witnessed the rapid development of people’s living standards. However, at the meantime, it can be noticed that youngsters in contemporary society have a variety of unhealthy living habits. Typical examples include: staying up too late, being addicted to Internet and eating junk food.
二段分析问题危害：三句话：主题句(总)+危害1+危害2
Quite obviously, the negative impacts of these habits are various. To begin with, they will impair or harm young people’s physical health. In addition, if this situation were to continue, it certainly would be a possibility that young people would suffer from low efficiency in their work and study.
三段解决问题(建议措施)：三句话：主题句(总)+建议1+建议2
To tackle this problem, it is high time that we took feasible steps to restrain this trend. First, it is suggested that public should enhance their awareness of healthy living. Second, we are also highly expected to encourage our friends, relatives and families to refute unhealthy living styles. (151words)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Competition. You should write no less than 120/150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1、现代社会竞争激烈，例如。。。。。
2、有人喜欢竞争，也有人持反对意见
3、我的看法
On Competition
写作思路解析：
首段：四句话：现象描述+正方观点+正方理由1+正方理由2
Living in an era of information and technology, individuals are confronted with a wide variety of competitions or pressures: in study, we suffer from academic competition; in work, we live under pressure of efficiency; in life, we strive against the ascending cost of living. Some are in favor of competition. In their eyes, without competition, it is impossible for the society as a whole to progress. Besides, in their opinion, competition will definitely promote the development of those who spare no effort to work, which otherwise would be impossible.
二段：三句话：反方观点+反方理由1(危害)+反方理由1(危害)
Rewarding as it is, others hold an opposite perspective. First, what makes many experts worried is that too many competitions may harm people’s physical and mental fitness. Second, to some extent, their opinion derives from the fact that competition between friends or colleagues may impair the friendship or team spirit.
尾段：三句话：我的看法+理由+展望未来
As a college student, I am firmly convinced that it is necessary to have some competition. In spite of the disadvantages, we do need competition to enhance our working and studying efficiency. Only by means of proper competition can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which every one spare no effort to their work and study.(207words)
Welcome the World Expo
As we all know that Shanghai will host the 2010 World Expo.The World Expo has a long history but it has never been held in Asia. So it is a great honor for our city.It is a great honor for all the Asians,too.As a host city,Shanghai will have more chances to develop quickly.The government has promised that it will be the best one among all the Expo that was host in other cities.As a student in Shanghai,I should learn English well so that I can be a volunteer in the World Expo.I want to help vistors that cone from all over the world.I will help them know more about Shanghai and China.I will do my best to welcome the World Expo.
【翻译】迎世博会
正如我们都知道，上海将主办2010年世界的博览会.这世博会有着悠久的历史，但从未在亚洲举行。因此，它是我们城市的巨大的荣誉。这也是所有的亚洲人非常荣幸。作为主办城市，上海将有更多的机会迅速发展。政府已作出承诺，这将是世博会中的所有其他城市这是最好的主机之一。作为一个在上海的学生，我要学好英语，这样我可以成为世博会志愿者。志愿者要帮助来自世界全国各地的的访问者认为谁将帮助他们了解更多关于上海和中国.我将尽我所能，迎接世博会。
The significance of the Shanghai World Expo Shanghai World Expo carbon the theme "Better City, Better Life", can be said that both the design and construction from the venue or from the internal structure, all reflect the human yearning for a better life and create. 而其中最能体现这一点的，莫过于低碳元素的展示和运用。 Which best reflect this point, than the display and use of low-carbon elements.
在全球变暖、气候恶化、人类生存环境越来越糟糕的今天，节能减排已经成为人类的共识和迫切任务，“低碳”成为最时尚的生活方式，“绿色”成为高频词汇，而真正要把环保融入人们的生活，需要人类在城市设计中融入更长远的目光和更智慧的方式，世博会正好提供了这样一个经验交流和共享的平台。 Global warming, climate change, human environment is getting worse today, energy conservation has become a common and urgent task of mankind, "low carbon" has become the most fashionable lifestyle, "green" has become a high-frequency words, while environmental protection should be integrated into real people's lives, need to integrate the design of the human in the city longer-term vision and a more intelligent way, the Expo will provide such a platform for experience exchange and sharing.
An activity about low carbon living
篇三：英语作文各种类型作文常用结构
观点说明议论型作文
Introduction
?… plays a very important role in …
?Nowadays, it is a hot issue/ a heated discussed topic that … ?A common ground has been reached that …. It goes without saying that …
?In recent years, … is very important. In my opinion/ From my point of view, it is …
Body
?The importance of … lies in the following aspects. (topic sentence)
Firstly, … is necessary to …
Secondly, … can also …
?… benefits us in many ways. Firstly, … Secondly, … Besides, …
?First of all, …
Another benefit is …
What’s more, …
?The first reason why I have such a view is that … To illustrate this point clearly, we can see that … For example …
The further reason is that …
Last but not least, …
?The first and most important reason is that … If you look around, you will always see … For instance, …
Another reason is that … In fact, …
Moving on to wider themes, …
Conclusion
?To sum up, …
?It is clear that …
?On the whole, …. Therefore, …
?All in all, from what has been discussed, we can reach this conclusion that …
?From the above reasoning, we can easily see the importance of / function/ harm of …
?In sum, from what has been discussed above, we may finally/ naturally draw the conclusion that … Therefore, we should …
观点立场选择型作文
Introduction
?The issue of … may raise much controversy among people of diverse backgrounds. Although many people believe that …, I believe that …
(Agree or disagree)
?Some people argue as if it is a general truth that …. But to be frank, I cannot agree with them. There are numerous reasons why I hold confidence in them, and I would explore only a few primary ones here.
Body
Conclusion
?In a word, …. Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that …
?Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that …. ?This is not to say that the argument/ another choice is neither
rhyme nor reason. But in terms of …, it is ….
问题解决型作文
Basic pattern
?Introductory paragraph
a. the importance or the necessity of solving the problem b. to raise the solution or table a proposal
?Body
a. evidences 1,2,3 …with illustration
b. steps 1,2,3 with detailed explanation
?Concluding paragraph
suggestion of taking the action and a prospect
Introduction
?We often hear about … these days. People’s attitudes towards it vary greatly, while from my point of view, it is a good way to … ?… is very important/ crucial in our life. After pondering this question on many occasions, I finally reach the opinion that … is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it.
Body
Conclusion
?We can conclude from the foregoing reasons and examples that ….
?To put all into a nutshell / In a nutshell, I ….
?The benefits of … are more than I have stated, I believe that …. ?From the above evidence, we can easily see the effect … may bring us in solving the problem of …. We are expecting ….
比较对比型作文
?Introductory paragraph
a. the controversy of A, the topic (everything has two sides) ?Body
a. advantages with explanation or illustration
b. transitional expression
c. disadvantages with explanation or illustration
?Concluding paragraph
conclusion with your own viewpoint
Basic pattern 2 – advantage or disadvantage
?Introductory paragraph
a. the controversy of A, the topic (everything has two sides), your tendency (whether advantages or disadvantages)
?Body
advantages (disadvantages) with explanations or illustrations 1.
2. 3…
?Concluding paragraph
conclusion with your own viewpoint (a few words about the other alternative)
Introduction
?It is generally accepted that A benefits human beings (students…) in many ways. But it has also caused many problems. Apparently,
A has both advantages and disadvantages.
?“A coin has two sides.” It is the same case for A. A has both advantages and disadvantages. Though some people argue that …, I insist that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
Conclusion
?Taking the merits and demerits into account, I do think that A is …. (the importance and significance)
?On the whole, A can be said a blessing and a curse. But fairly speaking, everyone should admit that the merits of A outweigh the troubles it brings to us, which, after all, is a problem of how to use them properly and safely.
Basic pattern 3 – differences between A and B
?Introductory paragraph
a. introduce the two parts through the general word of them and state out their differences.
?Body
a. features of A with explanation or illustratio
b. transitional expression
c. features of B with explanation or illustration
?Concluding paragraph
conclusion with your own viewpoint
Introduction
?… I often think about the question: …. My answer is always the same: I prefer…, because …(the main difference).
?As everybody would agree, A and B is quite different (in such aspects as …). From my point of view/ As far as I am concerned, the main difference between them is (that) ….
Body
?There are several differences. The first difference between A and
B is that …. Another difference is ….
?A and B differ in many ways/ A differs greatly from B/ A contrasts with B in the following aspects. Firstly, …. Secondly, …. Thirdly, ….