应用文写作应试技巧
篇一：应用文写作技巧
应用文写作技巧
应用文的要求是根据所给的场景写出100字左右的文章，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。下面我简单地介绍一下这几种应用文的写作技巧。首先是私人和公务信函。私人和公务信函是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具，与同学们的生活、学习比较密切，也是以后工作中用的最多的一种沟通方式。XX年、XX年考的都是信函，所以说信函是很重要的一种应用文。所谓私人信函就是给家人、朋友或者同学等写信，谈事情的同时又交流感情，是四级考试中常见的一种信函。研究生英语考试中常考的是公共信函，所谓公务信函就是给亲朋好友之外的人写信，主要是为了办事，比方说给老板或是客户写信都属于公共信函。信函一般都是由写信时间，信内地址，称呼，信的主要内容和信尾几个主要部分组成。收信人地址要写在左上角，寄信人地址要写在右上角，寄信人地址也可以不写。姓名写在地址上面。地址排列顺序依次为门牌号、街区名、城市和国名。在信的开头人名前一定要加mr.， mrs.， dear 等比较尊敬的称呼。 信的结尾注意使用常用的客套话如： sincerely yours， faithfully yours或者yours sincerely， yours faithfully.英文书信写作要遵循五个原则，即正确、清晰、简洁、礼貌和体贴。 正确是指信中所谈的事情要准确、具体，不用含糊抽象的词如：本月、明天等。清晰要求的是主题要明确，层次要清楚，让读者看后了然于心。简洁是现代英语发展的一大趋势。书信写作要做到行文简洁流畅，避免迂回冗长的长句，使书信尽可能写得明白清晰。书信交往，同样需要以礼待人。因而在写信过程中，要避免伤害对方感情，措辞上多多使用would， could， may，
please等词，要自然得体，彬彬有礼。体谅对方也是写书信时要注意的一个原则。不能以自己为中心，要尊重对方的习俗爱好，即便是拒绝，也要委婉而不失去友谊。书信的写作也要注意格式，避免语法、拼写、标点错误，信中所引用的史料、数据等也应准确无误。其次是备忘录。备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。包括书端、收文人的姓名、头衔、地址，称呼，事因，正文，结束语，和署名，备忘录上一定要说明什么时间，谁写的？写给谁？什么事？并且正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。接着谈谈摘要。摘要分成两种，一种是文章摘要，一种是论文摘要。文章摘要就是给一篇文章让写一个摘要，文章摘要是对文章主要内容的简练概括，内容上要涵盖全文，语言上要尽量简练。写摘要前一定要仔细阅读全文，弄懂文章大意；摘要涵盖原文的主要观点并与原文的观点保持一致；摘要应该简明扼要，字数在规定的字数范围内；摘要最好不要照搬原文，应该用自己的话概括原文的主要观点；并且注意千万不要照抄，也千万不要评论，只需要写出中心思想或者段落大意即可。第二种摘要是论文摘要。比方说是大家写一篇学术论文，硕士博士论文需要写一个英文的摘要。相对来讲我们认为考论文摘要的可能性稍微大一点。写这种摘要时要注意时态和语态。叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时；说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。摘要中多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态。英文摘要有一些常用句型，比如表示研究目的，可以用in order to……this paper describes……the purpose of this study is……，表示表示结论、观点或建议可以用the authors巧最后一种是报告。报告其实也分为两种，第一种是读书报告。比如读一
本书或者看一本小说写一个读书报告。读书报告中首先要交代背景知识，比如作者生平，时代简介等，接下来对书的内容做一个简单的概括，与摘要不同的是读书报告最后一段可以发表评论。与摘要相同，读书报告也要注意时态，比如像科普类的知识应该用现在式。另一种报告就是书面报告，书面报告考试的可行性和可能性更大一些。书面报告与备忘录的写法很类似，所不同的就是书面报告一般是下级写给上级，它也需要交代清楚四件事：什么时间？谁写的？写给谁？什么事？
应用文写作能力的提高不可能一蹴而就，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在复习阶段，首先要熟悉不同类型的应用文写作格式，注意事项，写作特点等。其次要背诵大量的优秀范文，要整段整段的背，不仅是背会，而且要脱口而出，并且转换成自己的语言，写作时可以随心所欲支配。再次，是要多动手写作，要写出属于自己的文章。多动手写作才能快速写出好文章来。写好的文章要注意检查，看有无语法错误，有无用词不当，能否用其他的句式表达相同的意思。可以让同学帮忙检查，让同学提一些宝贵的意见和建议。总的来说，虽然大家对应用文的写作还比较陌生，但是只要认真对待，只要花时间背范文了，花时间写文章了，就一定能取得理想成绩。
篇二：申论写作技巧：应用文写作必备四要素
辽宁事业单位招聘：申论写作技巧：应用文写作必备四
要素
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【导读】掌握写作技巧，申论考试从此变简单。
要素一：格式
一般来说，完整的公文及应用文写作应该包括以下五点要素：标题;主送机关;正文部分;发文机关;日期。当然，有些应用文比较灵活，所以在写作的时候，可能对这五大要素并不会涉及全面，考生要视具体题目而定。就日期这一要素，之前的书写方式是采用汉字书写，如：二0一二年七月五日，但按照2012年7月1日起施行的最新版《党政机关公文处理工作条例》(中办发〔2012〕14号)和党政机关公文格式(GB/T 9704—2012)的要求，公文成文日期用阿拉伯数字将年月日标全，月日不编虚位(即1不能为01)。所以在应用文的写作中我们也应该遵循政府的这一新规。
要素二：标题
(一)一般写法
1.发文机关+关于+事由+文种
例如：《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》
2.关于+事由+文种
《关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》
3.文种
《建议》
(二)特殊写法
1.宣传稿：安全无小事警钟需长鸣
2.题干中规定了题目
要素三：开头
应用文开头一般没有固定形式，但可以给考生提供几种方式。下面以一个通俗的例子来讲解：比如现在需要去给某社区写一个宣传稿，内容是节约用水。那么，首先草拟一个宣传稿的标题《节约用水人人有责》，接下来的正文开头部分可以采用以下几种方式：
(一)目的式：为了倡导中央政府八项规定、六项禁令，也为了节约宝贵的水资源，为我们的社区生活营造良好的节约氛围，我小区特开展一次节约用水的家庭活动，希望广大居民朋友踊跃参与。
(二)意义式：水是我们生命的起源，也是人类生产生活离不开的珍贵资源，更是我们赖以生存的必备条件。因此，我小区特开展一次节约用水的家庭活动，希望广大居民朋友踊跃参与。
(三)现状：我国水资源储量丰富，但人均占有量较低，加之，近几年污染加剧，节约水资源已刻不容缓，我小区特开展一次节约用水的家庭活动，希望广大居民朋友踊跃参与。
(四)根据式：当前，根据近期中央政府的会议精神：XXX(具体内容)，我小区特开展一次节约用水的家庭活动，希望广大居民朋友踊跃参与。
这种开头方式用得不多，如果材料中或题目中为我们提供了一些相关的政府文件，或是会议精神等，那开头就可以以这些内容为载体。
当然这几种开头方式不是单独存在的，一个开头可以糅合几种方式。这种就是意义加现状的开头。考生可以根据材料所提供的素材，以及自己的储备，有选择性地去书写。
要素四：主体、结尾
应用文的主体和结尾部分一般就要依据每道题的具体考查内容而定了，从材料中寻找到关键内容即可，这里不作赘述。
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篇三：浅谈英语写作基础应试技巧
浅谈英语写作基础应试技巧
英语写作基础考试题型： 主要包括：判断题、改错题、改写题、概要写作、应用文写作等”。判断题、改错题、改写题等主要考核应考生对句子(The Sentence)和段落(The Paragraph)基本知识点如改写句子包括改写掉尾句(periodic sentence)、平行结构(parallel structure)等和判断主题句(topic sentence)等掌握情况；例如：
Ⅰ.Revise the following sentences according to the requirement
1.The plan began to shake noticeably as soon as it lifted off the runway.(periodic sentence)
2.James Joyce's Ulysses,a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list,has been banned by the school board.(parallel structure)
Ⅱ.Read the following paragraph carefully and select the best topic sentence from the four possible answers that follow the paragraph.
Topic sentence: .
Actually,this idea is far from the truth.The Aborigines have been able to survive for centuries in the harsh environment of the desert because their minds are highly trained in the knowledge of food sources.Since they have no means of storing food,their entire attention must be directed toward their daily search for food.From the youngest child to the oldest member of the tribe,food gathering is the top priority.The Aborigines possess a profound understanding of the life around them.
a. In the earliest years,children are taught when foods ripen,where foods are to be found,when animals sleep for months and produce,and where water is likely to be found.
b. The Aboriginse'in－depth knowledge of the environment around them.
c. The interior of Australia is arid and inhospitable to human beings.
d. Many observers have mistakenly thought that the aborigines,with so few tools.
must have a lower intelligence than other races.
概要写作和应用文写作则不仅要求应考生掌握写概要的基本要领及应用文写作的技巧，同时要求他们将写句子和段落的技巧融合在应用文写作之中，最终写出格式正确、用词得当、表达得体的应用文来。概要(Precis)写作主要是先给出一篇文章，然后给出写概要的指令，如“Read the following passage and write a precis in one paragraph of about 100words.Try to write in your own words as far as possible.”应用文(Practical Writing)写作由三部分组成：便条(Note)、信函(Letter)和个人简历(Resume)。它们写作的形式必须根据要求写出或是某种便条，或是某种信函，或是个人简历。如下面是一则未能赴约而表示歉意的便条写作指令：Write a note of apology about 70－100 words to your friends according to the situation described:
You have made an appointment with your friends to have lunch together.But for some reasons you cannot keep the appointment.Please state your reasons and express your regret for breaking the appointment.You could also express your hope for the gathering.
再如：下面是一则打算上大学继续深造的申请信写作指令：You are planning to further your studies in a college or university.Write an application to that institution.In your letter,provide the necessary information about yourself,tell them your want to study math and find out about the possibility of receiving financial support.(150－200)
从上述的几种题型中，尤其是后三种，我们可以发现，无论是概要、便条还是信函等写作都是一种根据所提供信息的短文写作把这些已知信息写成一篇具有连贯性的概要、便条、信函或个人简历。换言之，就是考核应考生的基本写作能力。
下面重点讨论怎样写概要和应用文。
首先谈谈怎样写概要(Precis)。要写好一篇文章的概要应考生应具备两种基本能力。首先应具备理解原文，掌握全文中心思想的能力；其次应具有用简练的语言将原文的中心思想表达出来的能力。一般说来，概要的篇幅为原文的1/3至1/4，因此在写概要时务必注意语言的概括和精练。概要写作一般按下列步骤进行：
1.认真仔细地阅读原文两遍，理解和掌握全文的内容。
2.仔细地阅读考题指令，明确了解考题要求，在原文上标出重点，如议论文中的论点 、论据；记叙文中的发展、高潮、结局等。
3.再一次阅读原文，并将所需要采用的要点列出。要点的记录应尽可能简洁明了。
4.根据记录的要点写出概要的初稿，并尽可能不参照原文，除非当你需要核实某个要点。这将十分有益于用自己的语言组织内容，而不是照抄原文中的某些词句。完成初稿后应数一数字数，但千万不可在写完每一句句子即数字数。这样不仅浪费宝贵的时间，而且会搅乱写作的思路。
5.进行一些必要的修改和调整后，誊清完稿，并在最后注明具体字数。
应考生在重读誊清稿时，有两点还应牢记：首先，你写出的概要内容必须忠实于原文，或者说精确(accurate)。概要中所有的内容和信息必须来源于原文，既不可篡改原文内容也不能包括原文未涉及到的内容。其次，概要读起来应是一完整连贯的段落。要取得这一完整连贯，就应该使用一些连接词(link－words)，如?but',?and',?however',?also'等连接要点；同样，也可使用诸如?since',?though',?even if '，?when',?after',?before'等词。请看下面一例子：
The sentry watched a hawk that hovered overhead,looking for some unsuspecting prey to pounce upon.Then he heard the distant,muffled roar of planes,then silence.For the past week he had been told to take note of everything that happened on the hill within his range of vision,and to report anything suspicious.The hill led to an experimental factory,where new and secret weapons were tested.There was a threat of war and the factory would be invaluable to the enemy.So the approaches to it were watched day in,and day out.
He shifted his position;he felt that he had been crouching in the heather since the beginning of the time,but only a couple of hours of the day's duty had passed.Suddenly he saw something falling from the sky like snow,only it was not snow.[He put out his hand and caught bits of that were drifting near him.They were thin strips of metal to confuse delicate instruments,so that it would not be possible to detect the landing of enemy craf.Next he heard a long,low,continuous roar from the east and saw bundles descending from the sky which looked like umbrellas opening,but which be knew to be parachutes with men hanging from them.He wanted to go at once to give the alarm,but he had to be sure that the parachutes were not his own men out on an exercise.The men were on ground now.One of them pointed in the direction of secret factory and they all began marching toward it.He had no more doubts and set off at once down the hill.He crawled slowly,sometimes on his stomach,sometimes on his side ,weaving decided that he had ample cover and started to run.But he had erred,for bullets were soon whistling past him.He drooped flat on the ground.Nobody came to search for him,so he counted up to a hundred and then began crawling again.He moved tortuously and as silently as he could to his camp at the foot of the hill.] Describe in not more than 80 words what the sentry saw and did from the moment when the strips of metal fell from the sky until he got back to his camp.Use your own words as far as possible.Do not include anything that is not in the passage.
(Cambridge Lower Certificate in English Examination.)
MODEL
1.Points(Saw and Did) 1)Put out hands;caught strip metal. 2)Saw bundles. 3)Waited. 4)Saw men on ground.
5)One pointed;all marched. 6)Went downhill. 7)Crawled—stomach,side—to stream. 8)Started running.
9)Dropped flat(why?—bullets). 10)Counted 100;crawled. 11)Silently to camp.
2.Rough Draft (Linking of Points)
When the sentry held out his hand to catch what was falling out of the sky ,he found that it was strips of metal.The bundles began coming down.The sentry waited until men appeared on the ground.One of them pointed and the sentry saw them march towards the factory.Crawling on his stomach and on his side,the sentry moved downhill.He began running when he came to a stream,but dropped down when he was shot at .After counting up to a hundred to himself,he began crawling silently again downhill.
(95 words)
3.Fair Copy (Corrected Draft)
After catching hold of metal strips falling out of the sky,the sentry saw bundles descending and,after a time,some men appeared on the ground.One of them pointed and they all began marching towards the factory.The sentry crawled downhill on his stomach and on his side.When he came to a stream,he began running but dropped down when the men shot at him.He counted up to a hundred,then silently started crawling again towards his camp. (80 words)
不管是私人信函、商业信函还是各类便条都是重要的交际形式。所以，要写好各种信函和便条，首先要掌握其写作的语言，同时必须熟悉并运用恰当地表达内容的方式及格式。只有做到这两点，考试时才能真正做到胸有成竹，得心应手。就格式而言，不论写哪一种都有其特定的格式。英语书信，在形式
上可分为下面六个部分：
1.信头(The Heading)：包括发信人地址和写信日期。 2.受信者(Inside Address)：包括受信人姓名、地址。
3.称谓(The Salutation or Greeting)如Dear Sir,Gentlemen,。
4.正文(The Body)：是信的主要部分，包括写信人所要表达叙述的事情。
5.结束语(The Complimentary Close)——如Yours Truly,Yours respectfully等 6.签名(The Signature)。 现举一实例说明英文书信格式：
1.8765 Sunset Street
Hollywood 56 Calif.
U.S.A
May 17 1998
2.Mr.Alan Liu
122 Ninghai Road,
Nanjing P.R.C.
3.Dear Sir,
4.This is to confirm in writing our telephone conversation of yesterday regarding an interview you have been kind enough to grant me.
Green Book magazine has assigned me a short article on the hibernation of animals.As Curator of Mammals at the Zoological Park,yiu are one of three porminent zoologists I plan to interview before writing the piece from notes I have already carefully researched.The other two to be interviewed are your colleagues,Dr.Fuller and Dr.Meade,of the University staff.
I can match my plan to suit your schedule,but some day early next month would be best for me.I don't plan to bring a photographer as this piece is to be illustrated by rather amazing pictures I already have of hibernating animals.
A self－addressed,stamped envelope is enclosed and I would appreciate a reply as soon as you can arrange a convenient time.
5.Sincerely yours,
6.John Warner
写这封信的人用正式而又简单的语言，开门见山而又不失礼貌地说出了写这封信的目的——只是核实他要确定的事实。
便条和书信的格式基本相同，只不过要比正式书信要简单一些。如可省略信头、结语等。信函和便条的最大区别在于表达的方式不同：前者要求用正式的书面语言，而后者则常常使用非正式的口头语言。请看下面一个请柬：
Dear Lucy,
Can you think of a single good reason why you shouldn't spend next weekend with us?I've just been out looking at the garden,and it's beautiful,you'll like it.
Also,I'm going to have a young man here a friend of Alva's.His name is Peter Groesbeck.Other information you can find out for yourself.Bring your bathing suit,we will meet your usual Saturday morning train.
Affectionately,
Alan Liu
请看下面一则留言条(Message):
July 20,1998
Jack,
Here are the two tickets I mentioned yesterday for the Beijing Opera“Farewell To My Concubine."You may bring anybody along with you.I hope you'll enjoy it.
Xiao Zhang
由于便条主要是写给朋友和熟人的，形式上可简单化，语言上可口语化。但如果便条是写给陌生人、生意上的合作伙伴或年尊者，语言就应该较正式化。还有一点值得强调的是，请柬等便条一定要写得直接、简明、完整；时间、地点、对象都应交代的一清二楚，千万不可使人模棱两可，捉摸不定。 一般说来，试卷上所有试题做完后，仍应有余留的几分钟。在这几分钟里，应从改错(Proof－reading＆Error Correction)
的角度出发，重点检查语言错误。着重点应在语法结构和词语等方面。请看下列例子：
1.Having studied your report carefully,I am convinced that neither of your solutions are correct.(主谓不一致)
Having studied your report carefully,I am convinced that neither of your solutions is correct.
2.When he tried to make a reservation,he found that the restaurant that he likes was completely filled because of a wedding function.(时态错误)
When he tried to make a reservation,he found that the restaurant that he liked was completely filled because of a wedding function.
3.If he made better use of his time,he will be more likely to finish his research.(语气错误)
If he made better use of his time,he would be more likely to finish his research.
4.The climate here is often said to be similar to one of Japan.(代词误用)
The climate here is often said to be similar to one of Japan.
5.The firemem were unable to determine exactly what caused the fire when they said they wo(转 载 于:wWW.zw2.Cn 爱作文网)uld continue the investigation.(连接词误用)
The firemen were unable to determine exactly what caused the fire but they said they would continue the investigation.
6.It is often difficult finding'trained men than to get financial support for scientific research.(非谓语动词误用)
It is often difficult to find trained men than to get financial support for scientific research.
7.The guests were shown into a beautiful decorated dining room.(词类误)
The guests were shown itto a beautifully decorated dining room.
8.It is encouraging to note that in recent years,cigarette smokers have been in the decline,especially among the older people.(固定搭配错误)
It is encouraging to note that in recent years,cigarette smokers have been on the decline,especially among the older people.
9.As far as weather passes,the hotter it gets,the better I like it.(固定搭配错误)
As far as weather goes,the hotter it gets,the better I like it.
此外还要大小写是否正确，标点符号使用恰当与否，应用文的格式是否正确。
以上简要地谈了概要和应用文的应试和写作技巧。但真正要取得优越的成绩，还得依靠平时打下扎实的写作基础。要有扎实的写作基础，就必须“读破万卷书”，才能“下笔如有神”。所以平时一定要勤读书，勤练笔；再加上适当的方法和技巧，不断地训练和培养自身写作技能，一定能写出“主题较突出、内容较为完善、语言较为通顺、格式符合要求的短文”。