城市化的英语作文
篇一：城市化英文作文
Disadvantage of urbanization:
The Great Smog of 1952 in London
When a thick fog engulfed London from December 5 to December 9, 1952, it mixed with black smoke emitted from homes and factories to create a deadly smog. This smog killed approximately 12,000 people and shocked the world into starting the environmental movement. soup fogs, were not shocked to find themselves surrounded by such thick smog. Yet, although the dense smog did not instill panic, it nearly shut
Visibility across London became extremely poor. In some places, visibility had literally gone down to one foot, meaning that you couldn't see your own feet when looking down nor your own hands if held out in front of you. Transportation across the city came to a standstill（瘫痪） and many people didn't venture outside for fear of getting lost in their own neighborhoods. At least one theater was closed down because the smog had seeped inside and the audience could no longer see the stage.
It wasn't until after the fog lifted on December 9 that the deadliness of the smog was discovered. In the five days the smog had covered London, over 4,000 more people had died than usual for that time of year. In the following weeks, approximately 8,000 more died from exposure to what has become known as the Great Smog of 1952. Most of those killed by the Great Smog were people who had pre-existing respiratory problems and the elderly. The death toll of the Great Smog of 1952 was shocking. Pollution, which many had thought was just a part of city life, had killed 12,000 people. It was time for change. It was the black smoke that had caused the most damage. Thus, in 1956 and 1968, Parliament passed two Clean Air Acts, which began the process of eliminating the burning of coal in both people's homes and in factories.
篇二：城市化中英文版本
弊端:
最近不断有我国城市化发展迅猛的报道，说我国2003年的城市化水平已达到40.5％，超过原来计划指标，还说我国城市已进入“加快发展期”，甚至有的报道称目前出现城市化“大跃进”。这样造势，推动城市化进程，是不是好事？会不会带来什么负面效果？
按照原来规划，我国城市化水平到2005年达到35％左右，到2010年达到40－42％。换句话说，我国已提前6至7年实现原定城市化的目标。权威部门提出，我国在本世纪中期城市化水平要达到65％，再进而达到75％。
笔者的疑问之一是，我们城市化的步子是不是太快了，太急了。英国城市化水平从26％提高到70％用了90年时间，法国从25.5％提高到71.7％，美国从25.7％提高到75.2％，都用了120年。而我们从1993年的28％提高到2003年的40.5％仅用10年，不说加快，即使用这样的速度，2020年左右就能达到60％，2035年以前就能达到75％左右。换句话说，我们只用英国的一半时间，法国和美国的差不多三分之一的时间，走过同样的城市化进程。
疑问之二是，我国是否有必要，将城市化的水平定得同发达国家一样高，要达到75％以上。要实现工业化、现代化，缩小城乡差别，推动社会经济发展，没有一定的城市化水平是不行的，这是一个容易懂得的道理；我国在80年代以前城市化水平低，现在仍然不够高，需要提高，这也毫无疑问。但各国的城市化水平是否应该一样？中国国情与迄今已实现现代化的所有发达国家差别巨大，中国城市化标准是否一定要像它们看齐？21世纪的城市化与19世纪、20世纪的城市化标准是否应该有些区别？
中国的特殊性是非常鲜明的。一是人口太多。13亿人口，比目前北美、欧洲和日本的人口总和还要多；二是可利用土地资源相对贫乏。中国的陆地面积虽然有960万平方公里，但现在科学条件下不可利用、不适合人类居住的高原、大山、沙漠、戈壁和干旱地区占去三分之二以上，可利用的国土承受目前的人口数量已属负担过重，这方面的条件比任何发达国家都差；三是基本资源严重短缺，如人均淡水不到世界四分之一，人均耕地不到三分之一。这方面与发达国家相比差得更远。鉴于城市人口对资源的消费量远远大于同样数量的农村人口，我们在实施城市化的时候，是否必须充分考虑我国的基本资源与合理的城乡人口分布比例相适应的问题。既然我国基本资源状况远不如发达国家，我们城市化水平为什么定得同他们一样高呢？如果2020年我们有15亿人口，60％城市人口就是9亿；本世纪中人口17亿，那么75％的城市人口就是12.75亿。这样巨大的城市人口，要多少淡水、多少土地、多少能源、多少食物、多少住房、多少交通设施才能支持？
城市化，意味着生产和消费的更集中、更大规模、更社会化和更高的生产效率，意味着现代化。城市化程度越高，意味着现代化程度越高。这是迄今为止对城市化意义的认识。但近二三十年来，随着科学技术的进步，特别是电脑和网络技术的发展和日益普及，人们对城市化的标准的认识正在发生某些新的变化。现在越来越多的人可以在远离中心城市的地方甚至家里办公，同样可以获得信息、同样可以开会，同样可以交易，同样可以完成许许多多事情，而且大大节省时间、减少大量物流方面的消耗。再加上人们对环境质量要求越来越高，不愿意都往污染严重的大城市里挤。于是，一些发达国家人群开始出现由大城市向小城市、由市中心区向市郊分散化的趋向。而且这种趋向一点也不会降低现代化的程度。我们在21世纪推进城市化的时候，是否应该考虑这些新因素，避免人口过度向中心城市集中而走弯路。
疑问之三是，过快和过度的城市化会不会造成某些难以逆转和难以纠正的后果。现在有一种感觉，我国的城市化还是通过很强的计划经济模式、很强的行政手段来推进的，而主要不是顺应市场需要自然发展。如平均每年要以多块速度城市化，到哪个年代城市化要达到什么程度，最近又提出加快城市化步伐等，都是计划经济的典型做法。城市化比任何单个产品和单项经济指标，要复杂百倍，它涉及人口布局、资源配置、环境、社会各个方面。行政和计划的作用是城市化所必需的，但主要应体现在，集中各方面的优秀人才，根据历史、现状和将来，制定科学的城市规划，搞好综合平衡，准确定位城市功能，确保城市特色，而不是强调指标和进度。
城市化过快和过度可能造成至少四个难以逆转和纠正的后果：
一是大量耕地非正常减少。城市一般都建在自然条件好的平原地区，同样也是最好的农业区。按规划，我国的城市化需占用全国3％--6%的土地，比例似乎不大，但面积不小，约30万到60万平方公里，即相当于我国平原总面积的三分之一到二分之一。要占掉那么多好地，原来想通过城市化让留在农村的人口获得较多耕地的初衷如何能兑现？事实上，由于城市化进程发展非常快，圈地之风仍然盛行，随着大批豪华厂房、楼宇和各种“形象工程”的崛起，大片大片昔日的良田沃野消失，使我国原本人多耕地少的矛盾更加突出。仅最近几年净失耕地就达3800万亩，造成一大批无地、无业、无保障的农民，也是粮食产量接连滑坡的重要原因。
二是产生严重的“城市病”。城市化太快，城市过大，短时间过多人口往城市集中，不可避免产生大批失业、淡水和能源供应紧张、交通拥挤、犯罪增加、环境恶化、各种危机风险增加等现象。有专家说，城市化并不必然产生“城市病”，产生“城市病”的根源在于指导思想的片面性，产业结构与布局的不合理性，以及“低密度扩张”的发展方式，提出“发展克服城市病”、“规划减少城市病”、“管理医治城市病”。这些意见不无道理，但问题是，我们在实践上能不能做到指导思想没有片面性，规划能不能做到科学合理，管理能不能做到严格到位。今年夏天北京的一场暴雨造成几乎全城交通瘫痪，上海一场大风大雨造成严重交通阻塞和大范围停电事故，就暴露我们城市建设和管理方面问题不轻。
三是房地产“泡沫化”。现在许多城市建房太快太多，占用大量银行资金，如果严重供大于求，或价格超过市民承受能力，就会出现大量房屋空置，酿成经济危机。经验证明，由房地产泡沫化引起的经济危机，需要好多年才能缓过劲来。
四是城市“废墟化”。可能造成这种后果的原因有二：一是上面提到的房地产严重供过于求，出现大批楼宇空置；二是本世纪中我国人口将出现的下降趋势。根据我国人口政策的设想，达到17亿最高峰以后，总人口将逐渐下降，最终达到7亿左右的理想规模。那么今天搞了那么多大规模的城市，将来会不会出现有一天没有那么多人去居住？
我国的城市化，就其规模来说在人类历史上是空前的，也可能是绝后的。其艰巨性和复杂性，是任何一个发达国家都不能相提并论的。它不仅关系到今天，而且关系到明天，关系到后代。城市建了，是不能轻易拆掉的；城市化过程中失去的东西也是难以恢复的。我们的步伐应该稳健，应当最大限度发挥城市化的利好，尽量避免或减少因为不慎和盲目可能带来的弊端.
Malpractice:
Recent China city changes development rapid report, said that China's 2003 city level has reached 40.5%, exceeding the original plan index, also said that China has entered the city" accelerate development period", and even some reports that at present city of" the great leap forward". This campaign, drive a city to change a course, is it right? Good? Will not bring any negative effects? According to the original plan, our country city changes a level to reach 35% in 2005, 2010 to reach 4042%. In other words, our country already ahead of time 6 to 7 years to achieve the goal of the original city. Authorities presented in the middle of the century, our country city changes level to achieve 65%, then reached 75%.
This question is one of the our city, is it right? The pace too fast, too fast.
British city to change level increased from 26% to 70% for a period of 90 years, France from 25.5% to 71.7%, the United States increased from 25.7% to
75.2%, for 120 years. We will increase from 28% in 1993 to 40.5% in 2003 with 10 years only, do not say that the use of such speed, speed, around 2020 can reach 60%, before 2035 can reach about 75%. In other words, we only spent half the time Britain, France and the United States of America almost one third of the time, through the same process of city.
Question two is, our country is necessary, the city changes the level set with developed countries, to reach more than 75%. Want to realize industrialization, modernization, contractible and urban and rural difference, promote the
development of social economy, there is no certain city level is not enough, it is easy to know the truth before in 80 time; our country city changes a standard low, it remains high enough, need to improve, this is without a doubt. But the city level should be the same? China's national conditions and to date has been to achieve the modernization of all developed countries differ greatly, Chinese city of standards is a must as they look up to? In twenty-first Century and nineteenth Century twentieth Century City, the city of standard should be some difference?
The particularity of China is very bright. A population is too much. 1300000000 of the population, than the current North American, European and Japanese populations combined; two is the relatively poor use of land resources. China 's land area is 9600000 square kilometres, but now the scientific conditions not available, not fit for human habitation of the plateau, mountains, Gobi, desert and arid area accounted for more than 2/3, can use the land under the current population is already overburdened, conditions in this area than any developed country difference; three is a serious shortage of basic resources, such as fresh water of average per capita is to the world 1/4, farmland of average per capita is less than 1/3. This compared with developed country difference
farther. In view of city population on resources consumption is far greater than the same amount of rural population, we in the implementation of the city, whether China should take into consideration the basic resources and
reasonable urban and rural population proportion is adapted to the problem. Since our country basic resource state is far be inferior to the developed countries, our city why level of be like them tall? If we have a population of 1500000000 in 2020, 60% the city population was 900000000; in the 20th century population 1700000000, then 75% of the city population is
1275000000. This huge city population, how much water, how much land, how much energy, food, housing, how much traffic facilities to support?
City, the means of production and consumption of more focused and large-scale, socialization and higher production efficiency, mean
modernization. The city changes rate taller, means the modernization of higher degree. This is by far the city of understanding the meaning of. But in the last twenty or thirty years, with the progress of science and technology, especially the development of computer and network technology and the popularity of people to the city, the standard is the occurrence of certain new changes. Now more and more people in the central city of away from home and office place even, can also obtain information, also can have a meeting, also can trade, also can accomplish many things, but also greatly save time, reduce the cost of logistics. Plus the people on the environment of increasingly high quality requirements, not willing to have serious pollution of the city to squeeze. Then, some developed countries by large crowd began to appear to the small city by city, suburbs of downtown district to diversify. But the trend is not to reduce the degree of modernization. In twenty-first Century we advance a city to change when, should consider these new factors, avoid excessive to center city population concentration and detours.
Question three is too fast, and excessive city turns can cause certain
irreversible and difficult to correct the consequences. There is a feeling, the city of our country changes or with a very strong planned economy mode, strong administrative means to advance, rather than comply with the needs of the market development of natural. Such as average annual to a plurality of speed city, to which the city is changed to what extent, recently it is put forward to accelerate a city to change pace, is typical of the planned economy approach. City of more than any single product and individual economic indicators, to complex of hundreds of times, it relates to the layout of the population, resources, environment, and social aspects. Administrative and program function is the city changes are necessary, but should be mainly embodied in, focused on various aspects of talents, according to the history, present and future, formulate scientific city planning, do well balanced,
accurate positioning of city function, ensure the city characteristic, rather than emphasizing indicators and progress.
City of rapid and excessive can cause at least four difficult to reverse and correct the consequences:
A lot of non-normal reduction of arable land. City is generally located in the natural conditions in the plain area, also is the best agricultural area. According to the plan, the city of our country changes required to occupy the 3%--6% land, proportion may not seem like much, but the area is not small, about 300000 to 600000 square kilometers, equivalent to 1/3 of the total area of our country Campagna to 1/2. To account for the loss of so many good, wanted to let through the city in the rural population to obtain more farmland intention to deliver? In fact, because the city changes a process to develop very fast,
winds are still prevalent, with a large number of luxury buildings, buildings and various" image projects " rise abruptly, large tracts of fertile land fertile days disappear, make our country original I much farmland is little more prominent contradiction. Only the last few years the net loss of farmland amounts to 38000000 mus, resulting in a large number of no land, no industry, no protection of the farmer, but also grain yields have the important cause of landslide.
The two is to produce serious" city disease". The city is changed too quickly, city is too large, short time too much population to city center, inevitably
produce large quantities of unemployment, water and energy supplies, traffic congestion, increased crime, environmental degradation, various crisis
increased risk of such phenomenon. The expert says, city to change does not necessarily lead to" city disease"," city disease" is the source of the guiding ideology of the one-sided sex, industrial structure and layout irrational, and" low density is outspread" development mode, put forward " development to overcome the city disease"," planning to reduce City disease"," management of healing city disease". These observations are justified, but the problem is, we in practice can guide thought no sidedness, scientific and reasonable
planning can do, so can put in place strict management. In Beijing this summer a torrential rain caused almost the whole town traffic paralysis, Shanghai a gale heavy rain causing severe traffic jams and large scope blackout, it exposed the our city construction and management problems.
Three is the real estate "bubble". Now many city building too much too soon, take up a large number of bank funds, if serious beg for be more than, or price than the public to bear ability, will appear a large number of vacant housing, result in economic crisis. Experience has shown that, by the real estate bubble caused by the economic crisis, take years to got to.
Four is the city "of the ruins". The probable cause of this result for two reasons: one is the above mentioned in the real estate serious pile up in excess of requirement, the emergence of a large number of vacant buildings; two is the century in our country population will decline trend. According to China's
篇三：城镇化对城市的影响——英语作文
The Disadvantage of Urban Migration for City
Urbanization is a necessary process of China’s development. As we all know, each coin has two sides, so does the effect of urban migration for city. With more and more rural people flooding into city, the city is facing increasingly pressure, including environment, social order and traffic .
The urban environment gets worse. For example, the amount of factories in the city is increasing, so the consequence is an aggravation of industrial pollution. For another example, the amount of people in the city is increasing , so the consequence is the increase in living garbage and a shortage of resources. Specifically, the air becomes poor, which leads to diseases easily and the fresh water resource is not enough in daily life.
Large number of people living in the city lead to city’s traffic problem. The large flow of people and traffic easily causes traffic jam for about an hour especially in the rush hour, which greatly reduces people’s working efficiency and wastes transportation resources.
The legal awareness of the rural people into the city are not strong, so there is likely to increase the city’s crime rate, which would undermine city’s social order. So large the gap is between the rich and the poor rural people in the city, some rural people with weak legal awareness may be stealers or damage public property. Urbanization is beneficial to Chinese economic development, meanwhile, which will cause bad effect. To ensure the rural people have a good living condition, the government should try their best to resolve the problems.
推荐访问:作文 城市化 英语 城市化的英语考试作文 城市化的影响英语作文 城市化英语作文总结